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  • Title: Learned suppression of intake based on anticipated calories: cross-nutrient comparisons.
    Author: Warwick ZS, Bowen KJ, Synowski SJ.
    Journal: Physiol Behav; 1997 Dec; 62(6):1319-24. PubMed ID: 9383120.
    Abstract:
    Following training with distinctively flavored solutions which differ in calories and thus in their postingestive effects, rats demonstrate flavor-postingestive consequence learning by preferentially consuming one of the flavors in two-bottle tests (both flavors presented in nutrient-identical solutions). The direction of the preference--for the flavor previously paired with more calories (F-hi) or for the flavor previously paired with fewer calories (F-lo)--depends critically upon the magnitude of postingestive effects experienced during training. The most frequent and more thoroughly investigated observation has been preferential consumption of F-hi (conditioned flavor preference). However, when relatively concentrated solutions (e.g., 5% and 30% sucrose) are used as the training nutrients, F-lo is preferentially consumed in two-bottle tests. This lesser intake of F-hi presumably reflects its previous association with the more potent satiating effect of the highly concentrated nutrient: conditioned satiety. The present series of experiments explored conditioned satiety across nutrient types. In each experiment, rats consumed 30 mL of distinctively flavored nutritive solution per day, alternating between a distinctively flavored high-calorie (1.6 kcal/mL) solution and a lower calorie (0.2 kcal/mL) solution containing a different flavor. Two-bottle testing evaluated whether conditioned satiety was evident. Experiment 1 found that rats trained with sucrose, fructose, glucose, maltodextrin, or saccharin-sweetened medium-chain triglyceride oil emulsion preferentially consumed F-lo in two-bottle tests. In contrast, rats trained with corn oil emulsions tended to preferentially consume F-hi. In Experiment 2, increasing the number of corn oil calories associated with F-hi produced a tendency toward preferential intake of F-lo in two-bottle tests. In Experiment 3, rats consumed a high-fat maintenance diet; sucrose-trained rats again consumed more F-lo than F-hi, whereas rats trained with corn oil emulsions showed a tendency (nonsignificant) to consume more F-lo in two-bottle tests. In Experiment 4, however, adding saccharin to corn oil emulsions did produce conditioned satiety. These findings demonstrate conditioned satiety as a robust phenomenon across various nutrient types; however, corn oil calories entrain conditioned satiety only under certain conditions.
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