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  • Title: Reflections on the evolution of cardiopulmonary bypass.
    Author: Nolan SP, Zacour R, Dammann JF.
    Journal: Ann Thorac Surg; 1997 Nov; 64(5):1540-3. PubMed ID: 9386762.
    Abstract:
    The concept of cardiopulmonary bypass is more than a century old. Although the first clinical application occurred in 1953, there were great deficits in knowledge and materials that had to be overcome before we could achieve the outcomes of cardiac surgery that we have today.
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