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  • Title: Subtypes of HIV-1 and the impact of dual infections of HIV-1 and measles virus on micronutrient levels of pregnant women in Harare, Zimbabwe.
    Author: Obi CL, McAdoo HP, Onigbinde AO, Murray M, Tswana SA, Moyo SR.
    Journal: Cent Afr J Med; 1997 Jun; 43(6):165-72. PubMed ID: 9431744.
    Abstract:
    OBJECTIVE: To determine subtypes of HIV-1, simultaneous prevalence of HIV-1 and measles virus antibodies and their impact on micronutrient levels of pregnant women in Harare, Zimbabwe. DESIGN: Cross sectional. SETTING: Budiriro and Edith Opperman Antenatal Clinics Harare; Departments of Medical Microbiology, Medical Laboratory Technology and Institute of Food, Nutrition and Family Sciences, University of Zimbabwe. SUBJECTS: Pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Harare, Zimbabwe. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: HIV-1 subtypes, measles virus seropositivities and levels of micronutrients among the pregnant women. RESULTS: Results showed that 101 (22.7%) out of a total of 444 pregnant women screened were HIV-1 positive. A separate group of 238 (inclusive of the 444) were screened for measles antibody and 118 (49.5%) were positive, whereas 41 (17.2%) were HIV-1 positive. Thirty five (29.7%) were seropositive for both HIV-1 and measles virus (simultaneous infection). HIV-1 subtypes revealed subtype C (70.4%) as the predominant subtype. HIV-1 subtypes B, A and D accounted for 40.8%, 39.8% and 22.4% respectively whereas HIV-1 subtypes E and F were not detected. Dual infections showed that 37.7%, 36.7%, 7.1% and 4.4% harboured subtypes A and C; B and C; A and D and B and D respectively. Multiple infections with subtypes A, B, C and D (5.1%) were also recorded whereas 9.2% were non-reactive. Results on micronutrients portrayed that HIV-1 positive pregnant women had significantly lower zinc than the control but co-infection with measles virus did not cause further decrease. Infection by either HIV-1 or measles virus increased serum copper (p < 0.05) but co-infection by the two viruses reduced the copper level significantly (p < 0.05). HIV-1 seropositivity did not affect serum magnesium level but was lower (p < 0.05) in women positive for both HIV-1 and measles virus. CONCLUSION: This is a single report on HIV-1 infection, HIV-1 subtypes, simultaneous prevalence of HIV-1 and measles virus antibodies and their impact on micronutrient levels of pregnant women in Harare, Zimbabwe. The study is of nutritional, clinico-epidemiologic importance. HIV and measles virus seropositivities among pregnant women in Harare, Zimbabwe, are 30.4% and 28.9%, respectively. Measles and HIV/AIDS are both associated with persistent diarrhea, opportunistic infections, nutritional status, and neurological problems. Both viruses also have an affinity for lymphocytes. Findings are presented from an investigation of HIV-1 infections, HIV-1 genotypes/subtypes, measles virus seropositivities, and micronutrient status among pregnant women screened in Harare. 101 (22.7%) of the 444 pregnant women screened were HIV-1 seropositive. 118 (49.5%) of the 238 women screened for measles antibody were seropositive only for measles virus, while 41 (17.2%) of the 238 were seropositive for HIV-1 only. 35 (29.7%) of the 118 pregnant women seropositive for antibody to the measles virus were also seropositive for HIV-1. HIV-1 clades of 98 HIV-1 positive samples were determined. 69 (70.4%) HIV-1-infected women were infected with HIV-1 subtype C. HIV-1 subtypes B, A, and both types of D accounted for 40.8%, 39.8%, and 22.4% of infections, respectively. Subtypes E and F were not detected. 37.7% of the HIV-1 positive women were infected with both subtypes A and C, 36.7% with B and C, 7.1% with A and D, and 4.4% with B and D. 5.1% of the women were infected with subtypes A, B, C, and D. Micronutrient examination found that HIV-1-positive pregnant women had significantly lower serum zinc than did control subjects; co-infection with measles virus caused no additional decrease. Infection with either HIV-1 or measles virus increased serum copper, but co-infection with the 2 viruses significantly reduced the copper level. HIV-1 seropositivity did not affect serum magnesium level, but was lower in women positive for both HIV-1 and measles virus.
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