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  • Title: Smoking as a risk factor for gingival problems, periodontal problems and caries.
    Author: Kassirer B.
    Journal: Univ Tor Dent J; 1994; 7(1):6-10. PubMed ID: 9584769.
    Abstract:
    Lack of uniformity in the classification of oral diseases, and variability of study designs, measurements, methods, and statistical formats, hamper the interpretation, comparison and review of the evidence linking smoking and oral diseases. However, there have been a significant number of controlled studies, allowing definitive conclusions to be drawn. This review of 22 controlled scientific studies from 1983-1992, considers the role of smoking as an aetiological agent in: gingival problems (impaired gingival bleeding, ANUG), periodontal problems (periodontitis, bone loss, tooth loss), and caries.
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