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  • Title: Diagnosis and treatment of renal and ureteral calculi.
    Author: Knight J.
    Journal: Alaska Med; 1998; 40(2):27-30. PubMed ID: 9658656.
    Abstract:
    Nephrolithiasis affects about 0.2% of the US population annually with about 5% to 15% of the population suffering at some point in their lives. While 75% of all calculi are calcium based, the remainder are composed of uric acid, cystine, struvite, or are composed of more than one substance. A 1997 policy update by the American Urological Association recommends that stones lodged in the ureter that are not causing excruciating pain for the patient are best initially managed by observation.
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