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  • Title: Direct arteriovenous fistulas (carotid-cavernous and vertebral-venous). Diagnosis and intervention.
    Author: Gobin YP, Duckwiler GR, Viñuela F.
    Journal: Neuroimaging Clin N Am; 1998 May; 8(2):425-43. PubMed ID: 9660643.
    Abstract:
    Carotid-cavernous and vertebral-venous fistulas are direct arteriovenous fistulas. Their symptoms range from benign to extremely severe ophthalmologic or neurologic complications. Mechanism of symptoms is mostly related to venous drainage. Therapy is widely indicated, as today's endovascular techniques--using mostly detachable balloons and coils--have a high success rate and very few complications.
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