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  • Title: Mucosal immunity and bacteriology of the eustachian tube.
    Author: Sørensen CH, Brygge K.
    Journal: Ear Nose Throat J; 1998 Sep; 77(9):748-9, 752-3, 757-8 passim. PubMed ID: 9787518.
    Abstract:
    The pathogenesis of otitis media is a multifaceted process that is not completely understood. Eustachian tube dysfunction plays a central but uncertain role, as do viral and bacterial microorganisms. Of the latter, the three most important are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. This article reviews the various mechanisms of infection and the immune system's response to them.
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