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  • Title: Recent evolution of uniform trichromacy in a New World monkey.
    Author: Kainz PM, Neitz J, Neitz M.
    Journal: Vision Res; 1998 Nov; 38(21):3315-20. PubMed ID: 9893843.
    Abstract:
    Until recently, New World primates were found to have a single M/L photopigment gene on the X-chromosome. This arrangement limits males to dichromatic, or monochromatic color vision. Only females who were heterozygous for the M/L gene were trichromatic. Recently, an exception has been discovered. Male howler monkeys appear to have more than one M/L pigment gene, and both genders are uniformly trichromatic. We characterized promoter regions corresponding to two M/L pigment genes in howlers. Comparison of DNA sequences with those of humans and three species of New World primate suggest a recent and independent acquisition of a second M/L gene locus in the howler.
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